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Hedonism
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The Hedonism of Eudoxus of Cnidus
Mathematician and astronomer Eudoxus of Cnidus was a younger contemporary of Plato and an older contemporary of Aristotle, on both of whom he exerted some influence during his stays in Athens.This is perhaps most apparent with regard to his ethical doctrine that identifies the good as pleasure (hedonism).While Plato seems rather unsure how seriously to take this proposal, Aristotle provides the materials for reconstructing the battery of ingenious arguments that Eudoxus brought forward in its defence.Taken together in this Element, these arguments foreshadow almost everything that has been said in the Western tradition in favour of the positive value of pleasure, and, if taken aright, point in the direction of a hedonism that sets store by the cultivation of activities akin to those for which Eudoxus has been most renowned: mathematics and astronomy.
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Post-Growth Living : For an Alternative Hedonism
The reality of runaway climate change is inextricably linked with the mass consumerist, capitalist society in which we live. And the cult of endless growth, and endless consumption of cheap disposable commodities isn't only destroying the world, it is damaging ourselves and our way of being.How do we stop the impending catastrophe, and how can we create a movement capable of confronting it head-on?In Alternative Prosperity, philosopher Kate Soper offers an urgent plea for a new vision of the good life, one that is capable of delinking prosperity from endless growth.Instead, she calls for a renewed emphasis on the joys of being, one that is capable of collective happiness not in consumption but by creating a future that allows not only for more free time, and less conventional and more creative ways of using it, but also for more fulfilling ways of working and existing.This is an urgent and necessary intervention into debates on climate change.
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Darwinian Hedonism and the Epidemic of Unhealthy Behavior
Psychological hedonism - the idea that people tend to act in ways that maximize pleasure and minimize displeasure - has a decidedly poor reputation among academics who study human behavior.Opinions range from outright rejection to those who believe it to be intuitively obvious, but untestable and therefore unhelpful.In this book, the author introduces an empirically testable and useful theory of psychological hedonism based on contemporary theory and research in the emerging field of affective neuroscience.He goes on to argue that people are genetically endowed with a tendency towards psychological hedonism as a function of Darwinian processes.This view of psychological hedonism in light of its Darwinian origins - thereinafter referred to as Darwinian hedonism - is essential to address the growing global epidemic of unhealthy behavior, such as poor diet, physical inactivity, and substance use.
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What speaks against hedonism?
Hedonism is often criticized for its focus on immediate pleasure and gratification, which can lead to short-term thinking and impulsive behavior. It is also argued that hedonism can neglect the long-term consequences of actions and may not lead to overall well-being and fulfillment. Additionally, hedonism can be seen as selfish and individualistic, potentially disregarding the well-being of others in the pursuit of personal pleasure. Finally, some argue that hedonism can lead to a lack of personal growth and development, as it prioritizes pleasure-seeking over other aspects of life such as personal relationships, meaningful work, and contributing to society.
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What is modern hedonism?
Modern hedonism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain as the ultimate goals in life. It is based on the belief that maximizing pleasure and minimizing suffering should be the guiding principles for decision-making and living a fulfilling life. Modern hedonism also emphasizes the importance of personal autonomy and individual freedom in pursuing one's own happiness. This philosophy can manifest in various forms, such as the pursuit of physical pleasures, emotional well-being, or the fulfillment of personal desires.
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Is there criticism of hedonism?
Yes, there is criticism of hedonism. Some critics argue that the pursuit of pleasure as the ultimate goal can lead to selfish and short-sighted behavior, neglecting the well-being of others and long-term consequences. Additionally, some argue that hedonism can lead to a shallow and superficial way of life, focusing only on immediate gratification rather than deeper fulfillment and meaning. Critics also point out that the pursuit of pleasure alone may not lead to a truly fulfilling and meaningful life, as it may neglect other important aspects such as personal growth, relationships, and contribution to society.
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What is hedonism according to Epicurus?
Hedonism, according to Epicurus, is the belief that pleasure is the highest good and the ultimate goal of life. However, Epicurus distinguished between different types of pleasure, advocating for the pursuit of long-term, intellectual pleasures over short-term, physical ones. He believed that true happiness comes from living a simple life, free from fear and pain, and surrounded by friends who share similar values. Ultimately, Epicurus believed that by seeking moderation and tranquility, individuals could achieve a state of ataraxia, or freedom from disturbance.
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Human Motives : Hedonism, Altruism, and the Science of Affect
Motivational hedonism (often called “psychological hedonism”) claims that everything we do is done in pursuit of pleasure (in the widest sense) and to avoid pain and displeasure (again, in the widest sense).Although perennially attractive, many philosophers and experimental psychologists have claimed to refute it.Human Motives shows how decision-science and the recent science of affect can be used to construct a form of motivational hedonism that evades all previous critiques.On this view, we take decisions by anticipating and responding affectively to the alternatives, with the pleasure / displeasure component of affect constituting the common currency of decision-making.But we do not have to believe that the alternatives will bring us pleasure or displeasure in the future.Rather, those feelings get bound into and become parts of the future-directed representation of the options, rendering the latter attractive or repulsive.Much then depends on what pleasure and displeasure really are.If they are intrinsically good or bad properties of experience, for example, then motivational hedonism results.Carruthers argues, in contrast, that the best account is a representational one: pleasure represents its object (nonconceptually, in a perception-like manner) as good, and displeasure represents it (nonconceptually) as bad.The result is pluralism about human motivation, making room for both genuine altruism and intrinsic motives of duty. Clearly written and deeply scientifically informed, Human Motives has implications for many areas of philosophy and cognitive science, and will be of interest to anyone wanting to understand the foundations of human motivation.
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Value : What Money Can't Buy: A Handbook for Practical Hedonism
Since the industrial revolution, when everything ran by clockwork, people have understood how important it is to live in the moment.But over time our world has grown increasingly busy, and we've lost our ability to truly savour each unique experience and the simple pleasures the world has to offer. Cultural commentator and critic Stephen Bayley seeks to explain what real value is: it's about taking the time and making the effort to appreciate things, of understanding the permanent charm of modest daily rituals performed with care and feeling.Of caring about appearances and meaning. Of being bold in matters of taste. Of fully understanding the source of lasting pleasure.Of making every encounter with an object or person meaningful. Value is an elegiac account of what's recently been lost in the digital apocalypse.But also an enthusiastic anticipation of what we can regain in a post-viral, more analogue and more thoughtful world.
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The Birth of Hedonism : The Cyrenaic Philosophers and Pleasure as a Way of Life
According to Xenophon, Socrates tried to persuade his associate Aristippus to moderate his excessive indulgence in wine, women, and food, arguing that only hard work can bring happiness.Aristippus wasn't convinced. Instead, he and his followers espoused the most radical form of hedonism in ancient Western philosophy.Before the rise of the better known but comparatively ascetic Epicureans, the Cyrenaics pursued a way of life in which moments of pleasure, particularly bodily pleasure, held the highest value.In The Birth of Hedonism, Kurt Lampe provides the most comprehensive account in any language of Cyrenaic ideas and behavior, revolutionizing the understanding of this neglected but important school of philosophy. The Birth of Hedonism thoroughly and sympathetically reconstructs the doctrines and practices of the Cyrenaics, who were active between the fourth and third centuries BCE.The book examines not only Aristippus and the mainstream Cyrenaics, but also Hegesias, Anniceris, and Theodorus. Contrary to recent scholarship, the book shows that the Cyrenaics, despite giving primary value to discrete pleasurable experiences, accepted the dominant Greek philosophical belief that life-long happiness and the virtues that sustain it are the principal concerns of ethics.The book also offers the first in-depth effort to understand Theodorus's atheism and Hegesias's pessimism, both of which are extremely unusual in ancient Greek philosophy and which raise the interesting question of hedonism's relationship to pessimism and atheism.Finally, the book explores the "new Cyrenaicism" of the nineteenth-century writer and classicist Walter Pater, who drew out the enduring philosophical interest of Cyrenaic hedonism more than any other modern thinker.
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A Plea For Hedonism
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How does hedonism view the death penalty?
Hedonism, as a philosophy that prioritizes pleasure and happiness, generally opposes the death penalty. This is because hedonism values the reduction of suffering and the promotion of well-being, and the death penalty involves the infliction of suffering and the denial of future pleasure for the individual being executed. Additionally, hedonism emphasizes the importance of empathy and compassion, which can lead to a rejection of the death penalty as a form of punishment. Overall, hedonism tends to view the death penalty as incompatible with its core principles of maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.
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What is the difference between eudaimonism and hedonism?
Eudaimonism is a philosophical theory that focuses on the idea of living a virtuous and fulfilling life, where happiness is achieved through personal development and self-actualization. On the other hand, hedonism is a philosophical theory that emphasizes the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain as the ultimate goal in life. While eudaimonism prioritizes long-term well-being and flourishing through moral excellence, hedonism prioritizes immediate pleasure and gratification. Ultimately, the main difference lies in the underlying principles guiding one's pursuit of happiness - virtue and personal growth in eudaimonism, and pleasure and pain avoidance in hedonism.
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What is the hedonism of Epicurus and Aristippus?
The hedonism of Epicurus and Aristippus is a philosophical belief that the ultimate goal of life is to seek pleasure and avoid pain. However, they both had different interpretations of what constitutes pleasure. Epicurus believed in the pursuit of long-term, intellectual pleasures, such as tranquility and freedom from fear, while avoiding excessive physical pleasures. On the other hand, Aristippus focused on immediate, physical pleasures and the absence of pain. Both philosophers emphasized the importance of moderation and self-control in seeking pleasure.
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What are the differences between Hedonism, Eudaemonism, and Utilitarianism?
Hedonism is the belief that pleasure is the ultimate good and the pursuit of pleasure is the highest aim in life. Eudaemonism, on the other hand, focuses on the idea of living a virtuous life in order to achieve happiness and fulfillment. Utilitarianism is a moral theory that suggests the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people. While Hedonism and Utilitarianism prioritize pleasure and happiness, Eudaemonism emphasizes virtue and living a morally good life as the path to true happiness.
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